<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><xml><records><record><database name="bibliography.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\zzz pics\bibliography\bibliography.enl">bibliography.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="8.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>591</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tom H. Brown</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erich Henn</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anticipating future learning paradigms:  Will m-learning survive?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">British Journal for Educational Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">British Journal for Educational Technology</style></full-title></periodical><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecopy from the author, Dec. 4, 2005</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="bibliography.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\zzz pics\bibliography\bibliography.enl">bibliography.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="8.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>32</rec-number><ref-type name="Electronic Source">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charles Earl</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Implications of semantic web technology for wireless handheld computing</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pervasive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mobile Computing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n.d.</style></year></dates><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.semanticweb.org/SWWS/program/position/soi-earl.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July 19</style></custom2></record><record><database name="bibliography.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\zzz pics\bibliography\bibliography.enl">bibliography.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="8.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>581</rec-number><ref-type name="Electronic Source">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliot Soloway</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supporting science inquiry in K-12 using palm computers: A palm manifesto</style></title></titles><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goknow.com/GettingStarted/ Documents/Handheld_articles_online.pdf</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This is the html version of the file http://goknow.com/GettingStarted/Documents/Handheld_articles_online.pdf.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">G o o g l e automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To link to or bookmark this page, use the following url: http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:IVgDlzJ7qBUJ:goknow.com/GettingStarted/Documents/Handheld_articles_online.pdf+Supporting+Science+Inquiry+in+K-12+Using+Palm+Computers:+A+Palm+Manifesto+&amp;hl=en</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Google is neither affiliated with the authors of this page nor responsible for its content.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">These search terms have been highlighted:  supporting  science  inquiry  k  12  using  palm  computers  manifesto</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Page 1</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Copyright 2004 GoKnow, Inc., All Rights ReservedA Collection of Handheld-Related Articles Posted Online Competing Visions of Handheld Computer Use in the Classroom ow can we use instructional technology to positively transform teaching and learning env</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n.a.</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1.&#xD;Supporting Science Inquiry in K-12 Using Palm Computers: A Palm Manifesto  &#xD;by Elliot Soloway&#xD;&#xD;--------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;&#xD;Every child in K-12 needs to be provided with a Palm computer, just as they are provided with pencils and notebooks. While it is too early to have data to support this claim, there is a clear prima facie rationale for why Palm computers will indeed support the academic mission of K-12 education:&#xD;&#xD;Support for students:&#xD;&#xD;Palms are the K-12 &quot;personal computer:&quot; All the evidence suggests that routine, daily, pervasive use of computing leads to increased productivity and effectiveness. K-12 children do not have success access:&#xD;&#xD;Laptop computers are too expensive for each and every child to have one.&#xD;&#xD;Desktop computers are used by a different group of children each of the 8 class periods in the day. Typically, a child will have use a computer an hour a week in school.&#xD;&#xD;And, while some children have computers at home, there is still a significant percentage of children who have no access to computation outside of the school. &#xD;&#xD;A Palm computer, outfitted with suitable software, can provide K-12 personal, pervasive access to networked, computational resources to support their learning. &#xD;&#xD;Palms support cycles of doing and reflecting: It is well known that when children revise their written documents, the quality of the documents improve. Similarly, during a multi-week science investigation, students need support for returning and reflecting on what they are doing. A computer lab that provides access for children once a week for an hour is not an effective way to support the development of deep understandings. In contrast, a Palm computer can be used for 15 minutes, put back into the desk, hauled out in the afternoon for further work, and finally can be used at home in the evening to further review and refine a student&apos;s artifact. &#xD;&#xD;Palms support collaboration and sharing: It is also well known that the sharing and commenting by peers on each other&apos;s documents leads to higher quality artifacts. Sharing of artifacts engenders substantive conversations in the classroom and helps children develop into a community of learners. Palm computers make sharing of artifacts just one tap away. Moreover, the immediacy of beaming addresses children&apos;s wavering motivation and focus. &quot;Here, please read this and help me make it better...&quot; BEAM. Laptops and desktops simply do not support such direct and immediate collaboration.&#xD;&#xD;Support for teachers: A truly effective learning tool supports teachers as well as students. Here too Palm computers provide can provide value-added.&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;Palms support teachers evaluating students&apos; progress: Drawing on end-of-day backup of Palm-produced documents, a teacher can quickly review what each child has accomplished that day. Moreover, a child can easily show his/her parents what they did in school that day. &#xD;Palms support teachers in managing class assignments: &quot;PalmSheets&quot; dynamic, interactive cousins to paper worksheets can be readily distributed to a class and then collected via beaming/hotsynching. &#xD;Palms support teachers creating student-specific instruction: Teachers can produce Palm-based assignments that are customized to meet the diversity of needs and learning styles in a classroom. &#xD;&#xD;Educational Software for Palm Computers: The Cool Half-Dozen&#xD;&#xD;In order to justify the purchase of one Palm computer per student, we feel that there needs to be a range of applications that students can routinely use. To that end, we have the notion of the Cool Half-Dozen --- having 6 applications creates a critical mass of educational software that rationalizes the purchase of a Palm per child. Currently, we have 3 applications ready to roll in the Fall for our classroom deployment:&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;PicoMap: Concept mapping graphically-oriented outlining is routinely used across subject matters in classrooms today. PicoMap enables children to create, edit and share concept maps in Palm computers (see PicoMap). PicoMaps can be uploaded, via our conduit, to PCs and Macs and imported into such applications as IE, Netscape, Visio and soon, Inspiration. &#xD;Cooties: How do germs spread? Using a socio-kinesthetic simulation on Palm computers, children &quot;meet&quot; each other by walking around a classroom with a Palm computer and beaming each other either a digital-germ-free or a digital-germ-laden message. After the spread of the digital-infection, students can study the transmission pattern of the &quot;meetings&quot; by viewing a PicoMap that depicts the history of the meetings. (see statler.eecs.umich.edu/cooties.tv) &#xD;PalmSheet Constructor: Paper-based worksheets are pervasive in classrooms. However, using the teachers can create customized, interactive worksheets -PalmSheets -- as web pages and have their students download them to their Palm computers; after they are filled in, PalmSheets can be uploaded back to the teacher&apos;s computer and automatically analyzed. (See Palmsheets.org) We are currently using AvantGo.com as the mechanism for transferring PalmSheets. &#xD;&#xD;Reprinted with permission from Education Week on the Web&#xD; &#xD;http://www.miamisci.org/www/handhelds.html&#xD;Handheld Computer Resources &#xD;High-Tech Teaching - Are You Ready?&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;NEA Today article describes how teachers are using handheld technology&#xD;http://nea.org/neatoday/0304/cover.html &#xD;&#xD;101 Great Educational Uses for your Handheld Computer&#xD;http://www.k12handhelds.com/101list.php&#xD;&#xD;Supporting Science Inquiry in K-12 Using Palm Computers: A Palm Manifesto by Dr. Elliot Soloway&#xD;http://www.pdaed.com/features/palmmanifesto.xml&#xD;&#xD;The Paperless Classroom&#xD;PowerPoint presentation describing how a 7th and 8th grade language arts class in Kentucky uses handheld computers for homework and reading assignments.&#xD;http://www.paperlessclassroom.org/&#xD;ktlc2003/KTLCworkshop_files/frame.htm&#xD;&#xD;Using Handheld Technology in Schools http://www.seirtec.org/publications/NewsWire/Vol5.2.pdf&#xD;&#xD;The Final Evaluation Report of the Palm Education Pioneers (PEP)&#xD;Program - Executive Summary &quot;... PEP teachers were overwhelmingly positive about the use of handheld computers in their classrooms.  Approximately 90% of PEP teachers stated that handhelds are effective instructional tool; that handhelds have the potential to have a positive impact on students&apos; learning; and that they will continue to use handhelds in the future...&quot;&#xD;http://www.palmgrants.sri.com/PEP_Final_Report.pdf&#xD;&#xD;Palm Handheld Computers in Special Education&#xD;http://www.palmone.com/us/education/studies/study3.html&#xD;&#xD;K-12 Handheld Success Stories&#xD;http://www.palm.com/education/studies/#k12&#xD;&#xD;A Report Card on Handheld Computing&#xD;TechLearning provides a short history of handhelds and discusses potentials for schools integrating handhelds into instruction.&#xD;http://techlearning.com/db_area/archives/TL/2002/02/handheld.html&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;Education @ Palm&#xD;Learn more about Palm&apos;s mission for education and recent education news, events and promotions. The site provides a wealth of education-related software applications so you can create great, customized learning and teaching experiences.&#xD;http://www.palmone.com/us/education/&#xD;&#xD;The Concord Consortium&#xD;The Concord Consortium provides extensive information and reviews on a large range of Palm handheld educational applications, activities, lesson plans and product reviews. http://pie.concord.org/list.php3&#xD;&#xD;NearlyMobile&#xD;NearlyMobile.com provides information especially designed for the new, non-techie Palm OS user including hints, tricks and tips to be even more productive with your Palm. http://www.nearlymobile.com/&#xD;&#xD;goKnow&#xD;The folks from goKnow have developed a collection of palmOne applications for the classroom along with instructions for each.&#xD;http://www.goknow.com/index.html&#xD;&#xD;SouthEast Initiatives Regional Technology in Education Consortium&#xD;SEIR*TEC NewsWire: Handheld Edition The SouthEast Initiatives Regional Technology in Education Consortium (SEIR*TEC), in cooperation with the Instructional Technology Resource Center at the University of Florida and K12 Handhelds, has published the NewsWire Special Handheld Edition. This resource on handheld computing in education has a wealth of information on a variety of topics, including examples of how schools are using handhelds with students. &#xD;http://www.seirtec.org/&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;Featured Software for Math Classrooms &#xD;CalcWrite Revelation Computing LTD&#xD;With CalcWrite you can write out math problems just like you would on a blackboard at school. Students can practice handwriting and math with one program. If the calculation is written correctly, CalcWrite even supplies the correct answer. Grades: 2+  &#xD;http://homepage.powerup.com.au/~revcom/web/CWGeneral.html&#xD;&#xD;GraphMaker APTE, Inc.&#xD;An interactive introduction to graphing, this program allows students to create graphical representation of data in horizontal, vertical, line and pie charts. Grades: 2-6 http://www.internetcoach.com&#xD;&#xD;ImagiMath ImagiWorks, Inc.&#xD;ImagiMath is an integrated math suite used for calculation and graphing. It includes a full-featured calculator, equation solver, and a powerful equation visualizer (graph builder). Grades: 3+  http://www.imagiworks.com/Pages/Products/ImagiMath.html&#xD;&#xD;MathU Creative Creek&#xD;An advanced scientific calculator that can help in both science and math courses. Grades: 6+ &#xD;http://www.creativecreek.com&#xD;&#xD;MathU Pro Creative Creek&#xD;An advanced scientific calculator that can help in both science and math courses. Grades: 6+ &#xD;http://www.creativecreek.com&#xD;&#xD;powerOne Graph Infinity Softworks&#xD;powerOne Graph is a graphing calculator with algebraic, computation and graphing capability. It also has the capability of storing unlimited user-defined functions and variables. Grades: 6+ &#xD;http://www.infinitysw.com &#xD;&#xD;&#xD;Featured Software for Science Classrooms&#xD;Astro Info AstroInfo SourceForge Project&#xD;Astro Info provides daily data on the rising and setting of the sun and the moon, as well as planetary information. With knowledge of latitude and longitude, students can access information for any location in the world. Grades: 6+ http://sourceforge.net/projects/astroinfo/&#xD;&#xD;ChemTable Robert Eng&#xD;ChemTable is a freeware (no cost) Periodic Table application. The chemical information contained in this program was collected from a variety of online sources, as well as the 80th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Grades: 6+ &#xD;http://www3.sympatico.ca/marywong/ChemTable/&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;Cooties goKnow&#xD;Cooties is a free simulation program designed to illustrate how viruses are spread. Grades: 3+ &#xD;http://www.goknow.com/Products/Cooties/&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;Gene Yoshimitsu Kanai Gene is a database viewer for students studying biology. It includes amino acid information, restriction enzyme database, and molecular weight makers. Grades: 9+ http://www.freewarepalm.com/educational/gene.shtml&#xD;&#xD;ImagiProbe ImagiWorks, Inc.&#xD;ImagiProbe is a suite of sensors that enable students to collect data, visualize it in real-time, annotate the data, calibrate sensors, and transfer data to the desktop. ImagiProbe hardware is required for full application. Grades: 4+ &#xD;http://www.imagiworks.com/Pages/Products/ImagiProbe.html&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;QuickSheet Cutting Edge Software, Inc.&#xD;QuickSheet synchronizes formula changes, edits, and new workbooks with Microsoft Excel? QuickSheet also works with ImagiProbe for data sampling and with Quickchart adds five ways to graph your data. Grades: All &#xD;http://www.cesinc.com&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;MobileDB Handmark, Inc.&#xD;MobileDB is a database application that allows you to view and edit any table or spreadsheet-like information on your Palm handheld. Designed for simple and efficient access to any table or spreadsheet information, MobileDB has the ability to beam, rename, and lock databases. Grades: 6+ &#xD;http://www.handmark.com/&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;PicoMap Center for Highly Interactive Computing in Education (Hi-CE)&#xD;A free comprehensive program for secondary education that allows students to create, share and explore concept maps. &#xD;http://www.hice.org/soft_hh_picomap.html&#xD;&#xD;&#xD;Planetarium Andreas Hofer Software&#xD;Planetarium plots star charts and offers some unique, useful features for the beginning stargazer as well as for the professional astronomer.Grades: 6+ http://www.aho.ch/pilotplanets/</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecopy from here: &#xD;http://www.pdaed.com/features/palmmanifesto.xml</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.pdaed.com/features/palmmanifesto.xml</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="bibliography.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\zzz pics\bibliography\bibliography.enl">bibliography.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="8.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>587</rec-number><ref-type name="Electronic Source">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Becta, British Educational Communication and Technology Agency</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Educational research on the use of ICT in science teaching ?a selection of abstracts and further sources</style></title></titles><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1, http://www.becta.org.uk/page_documents/research/Science_bib_summary_table.pdf</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Educational research on the use of ICT in science teaching ?a selection of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstracts and further sources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This document presents a selection of research on the use of ICT in science teaching.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rather than being an exhaustive literature review, the collection of abstracts and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">references should be seen as a starting point for those interested in the topic.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">References for around 70 documents are presented here, with abstracts for 10 key</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">studies.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The literature is drawn from both the UK and other countries, with the majority of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">studies focusing on the secondary sector. Both primary research and literature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reviews are represented. The research covers both science teaching as a whole and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">discrete subjects within science. Similarly, some of the studies discuss ICT in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general while others consider specific technologies, such as simulations or datalogging.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The literature also covers the pedagogical and organisational issues</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">associated with the integration of ICT in science teaching.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Becta Evidence and Research team welcomes discussion on this topic through the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT Research Network, and suggestions for further additions to this bibliography.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betts, S., (2003). Does the use of ICT affect quality in learning science at Key Stage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3? Studies in Teaching and Learning, pp. 9-17.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study assesses the extent to which ICT contributes to quality in learning in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science at Key Stage 3. The author considers the meaning of quality in the context</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">of science education and identifies some of the indicators of quality. Drawing on</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data from tests, interviews and observations, the study examines how ICT affects</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pupils?understanding, their motivation and use of learning strategies, their mental</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engagement and the context for learning. Results suggest that ICT can enhance the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of learning where its use is tailored to lesson objectives and the needs of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pupils. In conclusion, the author presents a model for the possible use of ICT to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">increase the quality of learning in science. (UK)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huppert, J., et al., (2002). Computer simulations in the high school: Students&apos;</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive stages, science process skills and academic achievement in microbiology.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Science Education, 24 (8), pp. 803-821.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study investigates the impact of a biology simulation he Growth Curve of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microorganisms?on high school students?academic achievement and their science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">process skills. The study focuses on the relations between academic achievement,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mastery of process skills, gender and cognitive stages. The findings indicate that the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement of students using the simulation was higher than those not using the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation, with girls achieving equally with boys. The simulation was found to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">benefit students with low reasoning abilities in particular, enabling them to cope with</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning scientific concepts and principles which require high cognitive skills. (Israel)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La Velle, L.B., et al., (2003). Knowledge transformation through ICT in science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education: A case study in teacher-driven curriculum development - case study 1.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">British Journal of Educational Technology, 34 (2), pp. 183-199.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper looks at a case study of the initial stages of the development of the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effective use of ICT in science education. Building on research and development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">work from the ICT strand of the Teaching and Learning in the Information Age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Project, the paper reviews the issues relating to the transformations of teachers?knowledge of science into effective teaching through ICT. The authors discuss the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development of ICT use in science and illustrate current use in UK schools. A</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theoretical framework of teachers?knowledge and pedagogical reasoning in ICT in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science is then presented as the basis for the curriculum research and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">redevelopment that the case study involves. The authors describe and discuss the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">findings from the case study and offer some tentative conclusions on how ICT might</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">enable effective knowledge transformation in science. (UK)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McFarlane, A., Sakellariou, S., (2002). The role of ICT in science education.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge Journal of Education, 32 (2), pp. 219-232.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper considers two perspectives on the relationship between the science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum and the potential of ICT in science education: the first perspective is</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">based on the current English secondary science curriculum, while the second looks at</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">how the role of ICT might be developed if the curriculum were to emphasise scientific</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reasoning rather than the practice of empirical science. The paper focuses on the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">use of ICT to support or replace practical work and the use of multimedia or the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">internet as a tool for scientific reasoning. The authors argue that using ICT either as</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a tool in a practical investigation or as a substitute for the laboratory-based elements</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">of an investigation can aid theoretical understanding. They also comment on the role</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">of the internet and electronic communications in developing scientific literacy and an</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">understanding of authentic science. In conclusion, the authors propose a curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">model which has a balance of empirical science and critical science, each supported</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">by the appropriate use of ICT. (UK)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mistler-Jackson, M., Songer, N.B., (2000). Student motivation and internet</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology: Are students empowered to learn science? Journal of Research in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science Teaching, 37 (5), pp. 459-479.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article presents data from a case study of one class participating in the Kids as</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Scientists (KGS) Program, a project which engages students in the study of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">atmospheric science through the use of authentic images and online communication.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The authors examine the motivational effect of KGS through an in-depth study of six</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students representing three levels of motivation, looking at how the students view</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science learning and the use of technology both before and after participating in the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">project. Findings indicate that students made significant gains in weather content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge (as measured by written assessments) and showed a high level of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation. The authors conclude by identifying the key characteristics for creating a</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environment that promotes both motivation and achievement. (US)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, C., (2003). Literature review in primary science and ICT. NESTA Futurelab</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Series, Bristol: NESTA Futurelab.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.nestafuturelab.org/research/reviews/psi01.htm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This review considers the development of primary science since it became a</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">compulsory, core subject in England and Wales in 1989 and examines the impact of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT on its teaching and learning. The paper provides both an overview of research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">into children science learning and a critical evaluation of ways in which ICT is</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">currently being used to promote good science teaching. In particular, it focuses on</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the relation between ICT and four key areas of concern: the teacher role in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">constructivist learning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers?subject knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the balance between process</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">skills and science content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the need for greater understanding and application of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formative assessment. (UK)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newton, L., (2000). Data-logging in practical science: Research and reality.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Science Education, 22 (12), pp. 1247-1259.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article surveys some of the benefits of the use of data-logging methods</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">identified in the research literature. The author then examines the classroom</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">implementation of data-logging through a small-scale qualitative study of the use of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data-logging in UK secondary schools. He presents findings from interviews with five</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teachers under four themes: teachers?rationales for data-logging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">obstacles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">to implementation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strategies for overcoming these obstacles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">developing learning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">objectives. The author concludes that the potential contribution of data-logging to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning is considerable but its successful implementation depends on a number of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">factors, including the availability of resources, teachers?skills, and opportunities to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">use data-logging in the curriculum. (UK)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osborne, J., Hennessy, S., (2003). Literature review in science education and the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">role of ICT: Promise, problems and future directions. NESTA Futurelab Series,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bristol: NESTA Futurelab. http://www.nestafuturelab.org/research/reviews/se01.htm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper reviews the current state of science education, the impact of ICT use on</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the curriculum, pedagogy and learning, and the implications for future practice. The</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paper considers how ICT can be employed flexibly to support different curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goals and forms of pedagogy, and shows there are diverse ways of linking ICT use to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">existing classroom teaching, including supporting or replacing it. It is suggested,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">however, that transformative use of ICT in science is found only in isolated pockets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">as technology is not yet embedded in the culture and practice of many science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers. The authors argue that the content-oriented National Curriculum has</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hindered the development of classroom use of ICT, but as the science curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moves towards a greater emphasis on scientific reasoning and analytical skills, they</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suggest there will be more opportunities for ICT to play a key role in science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education. (UK)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wetzel, D.R., (2001). A Model for Pedagogical and Curricula Transformation for the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration of Technology in Middle School Science. Paper presented at the Annual</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, St. Louis, MO,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 25-28. http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/dwetzel/pdffiles/NARST2001Paper.pdf</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influenced five middle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school science teachers as they implemented and integrated calculator-based</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">laboratory (CBL) probeware in the curriculum. The study involved empirical research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">with both qualitative and quantitative data, through interviews, questionnaires,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anecdotal records and observations of teachers. The study presents a holistic view</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">of the influences on the level of teacher technical proficiency with CBL probeware,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">level of actual use during integration into the curriculum, changes in pedagogy,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">changes in organisational culture, and curriculum transformation related to CBL</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">probeware. The findings indicate that 80 per cent of participating teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">successfully integrated CBL probeware into their teaching. The study also identifies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the contextual barriers to integration, including training in the use of the technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and pedagogical support. (US)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yerrick, R., Hoving, T., (1999). Obstacles confronting technology initiatives as seen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">through the experience of science teachers: A comparative study of science teachers&apos;</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beliefs, planning, and practice. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 8 (4),</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp. 291-307.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents the findings from a two-year study of the implementation of ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in teacher education and school settings. Through surveys, interviews, visits and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">observations, the study examines four themes: teachers?knowledge and beliefs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer use for instruction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hardware access</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school support for technology use.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Results indicate that teachers given identical training and equipment differed widely</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in how they implemented technology. The authors argue that these discrepancies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">result from teachers?existing practice and their beliefs about their school context.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The authors conclude by considering the implications of the findings for ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">implementation, the evaluation of technology initiatives, and, in particular, for</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education. (US)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Further sources</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barton, R., (1997). Does data-logging change the nature of children&apos;s thinking in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experimental work in science? In: Using information technology effectively in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching and learning (Eds, Somekh, B. and Davis, N.). Routledge. London, pp.63-</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bell, R., Bell, L., (2003). A bibliography of articles on instructional technology in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 2 (4).</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.citejournal.org/vol2/iss4/science/bibliography_alpha1.rtf</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, D., Harper, E., (2003). A twenty-first century science laboratory. School</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science Review, 84 (309), pp. 87-91.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chang, C.Y., (2002). Does computer-assisted instruction + problem solving =</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">improved science outcomes? A pioneer study. Journal of Educational Research, 95</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(3), pp. 143-150.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinch, J., Richards, K., (2002). How can the internet be used to enhance the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching of physics? Physics Education, 37 (2), pp. 109-114.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cox, M.J., Nikolopoulou, K., (1997). What information handling skills are promoted</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">by the use of data analysis software? Education and Information Technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal, 2 (2), pp. 105-120.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cox, M.J., (2000). Information and communication technologies: Their role and value</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">for science education. In: Good practice in science teaching - what research has to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">say (Eds, Monk, M. and Osborne, J.). Open University Press. Milton Keynes.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Czerniak, C.M., et al., (1999). Teachers&apos; beliefs about using educational technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in the science classroom. International Journal of Educational Technology, 1 (2), pp.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-18.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davelsbergh, E.R., et al., (2000). Learning physics with a computer algebra system.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 16 (3), pp. 229-242.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davies, D., Rogers, M., (2000). Pre-service primary teachers&apos; planning for science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and technology activities: Influences and constraints. Research in Science and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technological Education, 18 (2), pp. 215-225.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dede, C., (2000). Emerging influences of information technology on school</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 32 (2), pp. 281-303.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dreyfus, A., et al., (1998). The advantages and problematics of using the electronic</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spreadsheet in biology teaching as perceived by actively engaged teachers. Journal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">of Educational Computing Research, 19 (1), pp. 67-81.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dunmore, S., (2000). ICT training for teachers -- a valuable experience. Education in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science, (188), pp. 12-13.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Friedler, Y., McFarlane, A.E., (1997). Data logging with portable computers: A study</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">of the impact on graphing skills in secondary pupils. Journal of Computers in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematics and Science Teaching, 16 (4), pp. 527-550.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunstone, R.F., Tao, P.K., (1999). Conceptual change in science through</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative learning at the computer. International Journal of Science Education,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21 (1), pp. 39-57.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hartel, H., (2000). Xyzet: A simulation program for physics teaching. Journal of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science Education and Technology, 9 (3), pp. 275-286.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henderson, L., et al., (2000). Under the microscope: Factors influencing student</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">outcomes in a computer integrated classroom. Journal of Computers in Mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and Science Teaching, 19 (3), pp. 211-236.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hennessy, S., (2000). Graphing investigations using portable (palmtop) technology.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 16 (3), pp. 243-258.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoadley, C.M., Linn, M.C., (2000). Teaching science through online, peer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">discussions: Speakeasy in the knowledge integration environment. International</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Science Education, 22 (8), pp. 839-857.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Howe, C., Tolmie, A., (1998). Computer support for learning in collaborative</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contexts: Prompted hypothesis testing in physics. Computers &amp; Education, 30 (3-4),</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp. 223-235.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huppert, J., et al., (1998). Learning microbiology with computer simulations:</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Students&apos; academic achievement by method and gender. Research in Science and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technological Education, 16 (2), pp. 231-245.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, R.K., et al., (2000). Integrating science, mathematics, and technology in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">middle school technology-rich environments: A study of implementation and change.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School Science and Mathematics, 100 (1), pp. 27-35.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jarvis, T., et al., (1997). An evaluation of the role of email in promoting science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">investigative skills in primary rural schools in England. Research in Science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education, 27 (1), pp. 223-236.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jimoyiannis, A., Komis, V., (2001). Computer simulations in physics teaching and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning: A case study on students&apos; understanding of trajectory motion. Computers &amp;</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education, 36 (2), pp. 183-204.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koszalka, T.A., et al., (2002). Designing Web-Based Science Lesson Plans That Use</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problem-Based Learning To Inspire Middle School Kids: KaAMS (Kids as Airborne</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mission Scientists). Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA, April 1-5.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumpalainen, K., Mutanenen, M., (1998). Collaborative practice of science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">construction in a computer-based multimedia environment. Computers &amp; Education,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30 (1-2), pp. 75-85.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lewis, S., (2003). Enhancing teaching and learning of science through use of ICT:</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methods and materials. School Science Review, 84 (309), pp. 41-51.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linn, M., et al., (1998). Using the internet to enhance student understanding of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science: The knowledge integration environment. Interactive Learning Environments,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp. 4-38.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayer-Smith, J., et al., (1998). An examination of how science teachers&apos; experiences</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in a culture of collaboration inform technology implementation. Journal of Science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education and Technology, 7 (2), pp. 127-134.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayer-Smith, J., et al., (2000). Closing of the gender gap in technology enriched</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education: A case study. Computers &amp; Education, 35 (1), pp. 51-63.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monaghan, J.M., Clement, J., (1999). Use of a computer simulation to develop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mental simulations for understanding relative motion concepts. International Journal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">of Science Education, 21 (9), pp. 921-924.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murfin, B., Go, V., (1998). A model for the development of web-based, studentcentered</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education resources. Paper presented at the 71st Annual Meeting of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, San Diego, CA, April 19-</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newton, L., Rogers, L., (2003). Thinking frameworks for planning ICT in science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lessons. School Science Review, 84 (309), pp. 113-120.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nikolopoulou, K., (2000). Development of pupils&apos; classification skills in science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lessons: An intervention of computer use. Journal of Science Education and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology, 9 (2), pp. 141-148.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noh, T., et al., (1999). The effect of computer-assisted instruction using molecularlevel</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animation and worksheet in high school chemistry class. Journal of the Korean</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Association for Research in Science Education, 19 (1), pp. 128-136.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Hara, S.P., (1998). A case study of attitudinal effects of internet use in a middle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school integrated science curriculum. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National Association for Research in Science Teaching, San Diego, CA, April 19-22.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osborne, J., Collins, S., (2000). Pupils?and parents&apos; views of the school science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum. School Science Review, 82 (298), pp. 23-31.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parkinson, J., (1998). The difficulties in developing information technology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competencies with student science teachers. Research in Science and Technological</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education, 16 (1), pp. 67-78.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parkinson, E., (1999). Science, technology and the national curriculum for England</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and Wales: Lost opportunities for scientific and technological literacy in the primary</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school? Science Education International, 10 (1), pp. 11-16.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paulisse, K.W., Polik, W.F., (1999). Use of www discussion boards in chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education. Journal of Chemical Education, 76 (5), pp. 704-708.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peat, M., Fernandez, A., (2000). The role of information technology in biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education: An australian perspective. Journal of Biological Education, 34 (2), pp. 69-</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pedersen, S., Liu, M., (2003). Teachers&apos; beliefs about issues in the implementation of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a student-centred learning environment. Educational Technology Research &amp;</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development, 51 (2), pp. 57-76.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poland, R., et al., (2003). The virtual field station (VFS): Using a virtual reality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environment for ecological fieldwork in a-level biological studies - case study 3.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">British Journal of Educational Technology, 34 (2), pp. 215-231.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Post-Zwicker, A.P., et al., (1999). Teaching contemporary physics topics using realtime</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data obtained via the world wide web. Journal of Science Education and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology, 8 (4), pp. 273-281.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pryor, A., Soloway, E., (2000). Foundations of science: Using technology to support</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">authentic science learning.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://hice.org/hiceinformation/papers/misc/foundations_of_science_using/</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raaflaub, C.A., Fraser, B.J., (2002). Investigating the learning environment in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian mathematics and science classrooms in which laptop computers are used.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Association, New Orleans, LA, April 1-5, 2002.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robblee, K.M., et al., (2000). Using computer visualization models in high school</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry: The role of teacher beliefs. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA, April 24-28.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogers, L., (1997). New data-logging tools - new investigations. School Science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review, 79 (287), pp. 61-68.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rowell, P.M., et al., (1999). Characterization of technology within an elementary</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science program. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 9 (1),</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp. 37-55.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saurino, D.R., et al., (1999). Science classroom management techniques using</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">graphing calculator technology: A collaborative team action research approach. Paper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of Research in Science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teaching, Boston, MA, March 28-31, 1999.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanlon, E., (2002). Contemporary approaches to learning science: Technologicallymediated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">practical work. Studies in Science Education, pp. 73-114.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schoenfeld-Tacher, R., et al., (2001). Differential effects of a multimedia goal-based</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scenario to teach introductory biochemistry ?who benefits most? Journal of Science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education and Technology, 10 (4), pp. 305-317.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skinner, N.C., Preece, P.F.W., (2003). The use of information and communications</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology to support the teaching of science in primary schools. International</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Science Education, 25 (2), pp. 205-220.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tao, P.-K., Gunstone, R.F., (1999). Conceptual change in science through</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative learning at the computer. International Journal of Science Education,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21 (1), pp. 39-57.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tebbutt, M., (1999). Information and communications technology in the science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum: An Australian case study. Journal of Information Technology for Teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education, 8 (1), pp. 25-39.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tebbutt, M., (2000). ICT in science: Problems, possibilities...and principles? School</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science Review, 81 (297), pp. 57-64.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas, G.P., (2001). Toward effective computer use in high school science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education: Where to from here? Education and Information Technologies, 6 (1), pp.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-41.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas, R.A., Hsu, Y.S., (2002). The impacts of a web-based instructional</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation on science learning. International Journal of Science Education, 24 (9),</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp. 955-979.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trindade, J., et al., (2002). Science learning in virtual environments: A descriptive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study. British Journal of Educational Technology, 33 (4), pp. 471-488.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trumper, R., (2002). What do we expect from students&apos; physics laboratory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experiments? Journal of Science Education and Technology, 11 (3), pp. 221-228.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wen, M.L., et al., (2002). How does computer availability influence science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research in Science Teaching, New Orleans, LA, April 6-10.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Summary table of research on the use of ICT in science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This summary table provides a quick reference guide to the main findings from selected documents of a literature search</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carried out by Becta in November 2003. It compliments the more detailed bibliography on ICT in science by identifying the key</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">findings, age/level and sample size for each reference.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Key findings Sample Summary Full Reference</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?ICT offers particular</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">opportunities to enhance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning by making more</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">time available for predicting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and searching for</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">explanations</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?ICT allows pupils to work at</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">their own speed</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?To take full advantage of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT, lessons need to be</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structured according to the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">possible outcomes that a</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">specific application of ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">allows</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117 Key</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stage 3</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pupils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study assesses the extent to which ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contributes to quality in learning in science at</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Key Stage 3. The author considers the meaning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">of quality in the context of science education</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and identifies some of the indicators of quality.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drawing on data from tests, interviews and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">observations, the study examines how ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">affects pupils?understanding, their motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and use of learning strategies, their mental</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engagement and the context for learning.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Results suggest that ICT can enhance the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of learning where its use is tailored to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lesson objectives and the needs of pupils. In</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conclusion, the author presents a model for the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">possible use of ICT to increase the quality of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning in science. (UK)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betts, S., (2003). Does the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">use of ICT affect quality in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning science at Key Stage</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3? Studies in Teaching and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning, pp. 9-17.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?Pupils in the simulated</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exhibited complex and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrative reasoning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?The simulation provided a</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-paced, non-competitive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environment which</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">allowed girls and boys to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achieve equally</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?The simulation allowed</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181 tenth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grade pupils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study investigates the impact of a biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation he Growth Curve of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microorganisms?on high school students?academic achievement and their science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">process skills. The study focuses on the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">relations between academic achievement,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mastery of process skills, gender and cognitive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stages. The findings indicate that the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement of students using the simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">was higher than those not using the simulation,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huppert, J., et al., (2002).</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer simulations in the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high school: Students&apos;</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive stages, science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">process skills and academic</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement in microbiology.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science Education, 24 (8),</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp. 803-821.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">repetition of experiments</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">which in turn aided</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">understanding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">with girls achieving equally with boys. The</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation was found to benefit students with</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">low reasoning abilities in particular, enabling</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">them to cope with learning scientific concepts</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and principles which require high cognitive</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">skills. (Israel)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Key findings Sample Summary Full Reference</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?Using ICT either as a tool in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a practical investigation or</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">as a substitute for the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">laboratory-based elements</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">of an investigation can aid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theoretical understanding.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?Electronic communications</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">should be used not just to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disseminate information but</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">to create a community of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learners</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper considers two perspectives on the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">relationship between the science curriculum and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the potential of ICT in science education: the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">first perspective is based on the current English</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary science curriculum, while the second</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">looks at how the role of ICT might be developed</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">if the curriculum were to emphasise scientific</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reasoning rather than the practice of empirical</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science. It focuses on the use of ICT to support</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">or replace practical work and the use of the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">internet as a tool for scientific reasoning. (UK)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McFarlane, A., Sakellariou,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S., (2002). The role of ICT in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education. Cambridge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Education, 32 (2),</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pp. 219-232.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?Pupils made significant gains</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in scientific knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?Pupils showed a high level of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation and self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(empowerment)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?The communicative and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative possibilities of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the internet were crucial to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the success of KGS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18 sixth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grade pupils</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(with six</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case indepth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">studies)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article presents data from a case study of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">one class participating in the Kids as Global</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientists (KGS) Program, a project which</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engages students in the study of atmospheric</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science through the use of authentic images</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and online communication. The authors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">examine the motivational effect of KGS, and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">identify the key characteristics for creating a</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environment that promotes both</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation and achievement. (US)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mistler-Jackson, M., Songer,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N.B., (2000). Student</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation and internet</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology: Are students</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">empowered to learn science?</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Research in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science Teaching, 37 (5), pp.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">459-479.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?There is a lack of research</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">into how ICT can enhance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This review considers the development of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary science since it became a compulsory,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murphy, C., (2003).</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Literature review in primary</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pupils?learning in primary</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?Systematic research is</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">needed into the potential of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">specific applications of ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?Software designers need to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">work more closely with both</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children and teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">core subject in England and Wales and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">examines the impact of ICT on its teaching and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning. The paper provides both an overview</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">of research into children science learning and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a critical evaluation of ways in which ICT is</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">currently being used to promote good science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching. It focuses on the relation between</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT and four key areas: the teacher role in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">constructivist learning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers?subject</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the balance between process skills</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and science content</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the application of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formative assessment. (UK)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science and ICT. NESTA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Futurelab Series, Bristol:</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NESTA Futurelab.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.nestafuturelab.or</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">g/research/reviews/psi01.htm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Key findings Sample Summary Full Reference</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?Transformative use of ICT in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science is found only in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">isolated pockets</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?ICT may have a greater role</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">to play in a curriculum that</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">places greater emphasis on</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific reasoning and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analytical skills</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper reviews the current state of science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education, the impact of ICT use on the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum, pedagogy and learning, and the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">implications for future practice. The paper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">considers how ICT can be employed flexibly to</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">support different curriculum goals and forms of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogy, and shows there are diverse ways of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">linking ICT use to existing classroom teaching,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">including supporting or replacing it. (UK)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osborne, J., Hennessy, S.,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(2003). Literature review in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education and the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">role of ICT: Promise,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problems and future</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">directions. NESTA Futurelab</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Series, Bristol: NESTA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Futurelab.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.nestafuturelab.or</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">g/research/reviews/se01.htm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?80 per cent of participating</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers successfully</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrated CBL probeware</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">into their teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?Barriers to the integration of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the CBL probeware included:</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lack of time for training, lack</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">of CBL resources, lack of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Five middle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study investigates the factors that</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">influenced five middle school science teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">as they implemented and integrated calculatorbased</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">laboratory (CBL) probeware in the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum. Drawing on interviews,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">questionnaires, anecdotal records and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">observations of teachers, the study presents a</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">holistic view of the influences on the level of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wetzel, D.R., (2001). A Model</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">for Pedagogical and Curricula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation for the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration of Technology in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle School Science. Paper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">presented at the Annual</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meeting of the National</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Association for Research in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">support by the school</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">system (use probeware was</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">not recognised in formal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessments)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher technical proficiency with CBL</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">probeware, level of actual use during</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integration into the curriculum, changes in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogy, and changes in organisational</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">culture. The study also identifies the contextual</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">barriers to integration, including training in the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">use of the technology and pedagogical support.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(US)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science Teaching, St. Louis,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MO, March 25-28.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/d</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wetzel/pdffiles/NARST2001Pa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">per.pdf</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?Teachers given identical</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">training and equipment</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">differed widely in how they</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">implemented technology.</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">These discrepancies result</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">from teachers?existing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">practice and their beliefs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">about their school context</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Five</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents the findings from a twoyear</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study of the implementation of ICT in</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education and school settings. Through</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surveys, interviews, visits and observations, the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study examines four themes: teachers?knowledge and beliefs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer use for</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">instruction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hardware access</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school support for</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology use. The authors consider the</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">implications for teacher education, ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">implementation, and the evaluation of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology initiatives. (US)</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yerrick, R., Hoving, T.,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(1999). Obstacles confronting</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology initiatives as seen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">through the experience of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teachers: A</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative study of science</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers&apos; beliefs, planning,</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and practice. Journal of</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science Education and</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology, 8 (4), pp. 291-</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">307.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n.a.</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Becta</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. http://www.becta.org.uk/page_documents/research/Science_bib_summary_table.pdf</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecopy</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.becta.org.uk/page_documents/research/Science_bib_summary_table.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="bibliography.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\zzz pics\bibliography\bibliography.enl">bibliography.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="8.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>34</rec-number><ref-type name="Electronic Source">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Rieger </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geraldine Gay</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using mobile computing to enhance field study</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mobile computing, handhelds, situated learning, field study, PDA, probes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n. d.</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interactive Media Group, Department of Communication, Cornell University</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Our research explores the pedagogical, technical,&#xD;and evaluative issues surrounding the use of a&#xD;new generation of hand-held, highly portable&#xD;computers for teaching in the natural sciences. A&#xD;primary goal is to develop pilot curricula that&#xD;bring multimedia resources to the outdoor&#xD;laboratory. Prototypes are being developed for&#xD;data retrieval and input. It is hypothesized that&#xD;learners will flourish in situations that provide an&#xD;opportunity to test skills and theories in the&#xD;ust-in-time?and omadic?field context in&#xD;which they are used. Can computers enrich the&#xD;outdoor, field experience by supporting team&#xD;collaboration for students and teaching staff? This&#xD;paper sets the background for the mobile&#xD;computing research project we have initiated, and&#xD;describes two prototype field applications&#xD;developed for mobile learning environments.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/cscl/papers/rieger.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 23</style></custom2></record><record><database name="bibliography.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\zzz pics\bibliography\bibliography.enl">bibliography.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="8.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9</rec-number><ref-type name="Electronic Source">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lehner, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N飉ekabel, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of mobile devices in e-learning</style></title></titles><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wireless</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n. d.</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Regensburg</style></publisher><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WWW</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www-mobile.uni-regensburg.de/freiedokumente/Berichte/MobileDevicesInELearning.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="bibliography.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\zzz pics\bibliography\bibliography.enl">bibliography.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="8.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>35</rec-number><ref-type name="Electronic Source">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mona Laroussi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New e-learning services based on mobile and ubiquitous computing UBI-Learn Project</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mobile learning, Ubiquitous learning, Wireless technology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n. d.</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universit?des Sciences et Technologies de Lille</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ubiquitous and mobile learning concerns building applications in highly dynamic and&#xD;heterogeneous environments to bring computation into the real, physical world. This paper&#xD;presents UbiLearn a distributed Learning platform with Nomads Objects and new e-learning&#xD;services based on.&#xD;The rapid and accelerating move toward the adoption and use of mobile technologies has&#xD;increasingly provided students and teachers with the ability to study away from the classroom&#xD;and on the move.&#xD;Wireless and mobile technologies influence the evolution of current e-learning use and press&#xD;forward the development of new mode of education enabling any time, anywhere and anyhow&#xD;learning.&#xD;In this paper we present UBI-Learn a distributed learning platform with nomad objects and&#xD;learning services related on.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www-clips.imag.fr/calie04/actes/Laroussi_final.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></custom1><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 30</style></custom2></record><record><database name="bibliography.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\zzz pics\bibliography\bibliography.enl">bibliography.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="8.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>511</rec-number><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pea, R. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maldonado, H.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">K. Sawyer</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WILD for learning: Interacting through new computing devices anytime, anywhere</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In press</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambridge University Press</style></publisher><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecopy from Roy Pea&#xD;&#xD;From: Roy Pea [mailto:roypea@stanford.edu] &#xD;Sent: Thursday, December 08, 2005 3:16 PM&#xD;To: ZHANG Baohui (LST, LSL)&#xD;Cc: Roy Pea; Sherry Hsi; discussion@g1to1.org&#xD;Subject: Re: G1:1 action items&#xD;&#xD;Hi BaoHui,&#xD;&#xD;I am pleased to see such an extensive bibliography being put  &#xD;together!  I am sending along the recent Cambridge Handbook of the  &#xD;Learning Sciences chapter we have prepared on G1:1 related research  &#xD;and issues for the collection.  I look forward to the lit review.&#xD;&#xD;Sincerely,&#xD;&#xD;Roy Pea</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="bibliography.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\zzz pics\bibliography\bibliography.enl">bibliography.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="8.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>592</rec-number><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Namsoo Shin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cathleen Norris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliot Soloway</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M. van&apos;t Hooft</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Findings from early research on one-to-one handheld use in K-12</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ubiquitous computing book</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In press</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erlbaum</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What is the evidence that handheld computing devices are enabling a positive impact on teaching and learning in K-12 education? Towards addressing that question, this chapter reviews the empirical research that has been conducted to date. Studies find that handheld use by students can lead to increases in their motivation and achievement. That said, given the exceedingly early stage of handheld use in K-12 and given the types of research methods that have been employed in the empirical work (e.g., interviews with students and teachers, surveys), the research findings, while suggestive, are not yet compelling.  &#xD;In summarizing upwards of 35 studies, our intent is to help the educational community better understand the conditions that must be in place in order for handhelds to support positive learning outcomes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecopy from Elliot&#xD;&#xD;From: Elliot Soloway [mailto:soloway@umich.edu] &#xD;Sent: Sunday, December 11, 2005 9:34 AM&#xD;To: ZHANG Baohui (LST, LSL); &apos;Sherry Hsi&apos;; discussion@g1to1.org&#xD;Cc: namsoo@umich.edu; Elliot Soloway&#xD;Subject: RE: G1:1 action items&#xD;&#xD;Here is another paper that reviews the lit of handheld use in K-12.&#xD;We should probably add its references to Baohui&apos;s Endnote database. First,&#xD;though, we have to get Endnote. &#xD;Elliot</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="bibliography.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\zzz pics\bibliography\bibliography.enl">bibliography.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="8.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>144</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klopfer, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Squire, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Detectives: the development of an augmented reality platform for environmental simulations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education Research Technology &amp; Development</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education Research Technology &amp; Development</style></full-title></periodical><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in preparation</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="bibliography.enl" path="C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\zzz pics\bibliography\bibliography.enl">bibliography.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="8.0">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>589</rec-number><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tom H. Brown</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M-learning in Africa: Doing the unthinkable and reaching the unreachable</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open and Distance Learning Praxis in Africa</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open and Distance Learning Praxis in Africa</style></full-title></periodical><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Accepted</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1&#xD;Article accepted for publication in:&#xD;Open and Distance Learning Praxis in Africa&#xD;Details of author:&#xD;Dr Tom H Brown&#xD;Deputy Director&#xD;Telematic Learning and Education Innovation&#xD;University of Pretoria&#xD;Pretoria 0002&#xD;South Africa&#xD;tom.brown@up.ac.za&#xD;+27 12 4203884 (office)&#xD;+27 82 9083884 (mobile)&#xD;Title:&#xD;M-learning in Africa: Doing the unthinkable and reaching the&#xD;unreachable&#xD;ABSTRACT&#xD;One first impressions and perceptions when thinking about the ideal target market for mlearning&#xD;(mobile learning) would probably look something like this: a First World learner&#xD;population that are already highly ICT literate, use the latest handheld device and are either in&#xD;full-time employment or merely prefer studying at their own pace, place and time.&#xD;However, m-learning has already started to play a vital role in Africa. It should be noted that mlearning&#xD;has brought e-learning to the rural communities of Africa ?to learners who we never&#xD;imagined as e-learning learners only a few years ago. M-learning is the gateway to e-learning&#xD;for most learners in Africa as the rapidly growing wireless infrastructure increasingly fulfils their&#xD;access needs. Africa is actually leap-frogging from an unwired, nonexistent e-learning&#xD;infrastructure to a wireless e-learning infrastructure. The statistics in this regard are already&#xD;significant proof of this process.&#xD;This article provides examples of m-learning projects in rural Africa and the successful use of&#xD;basic technologies to enhance learning and learning support.&#xD;INTRODUCTION&#xD;M-learning is a natural extension of e-learning and has the potential to make learning even more&#xD;widely available and accessible than we are used to in existing e-learning environments. The&#xD;role that communication and interaction plays in the learning process is a critical success factor.&#xD;It is in this context that m-learning can contribute to the quality of education. It offers&#xD;opportunities for the optimisation of interaction between lecturers and learners, among learners&#xD;and among members of COPs (communities of practice).&#xD;Wireless and mobile technologies also make it possible to provide learning opportunities to&#xD;learners who are either without infrastructure for access (eg rural learners) or continually on the&#xD;move (eg business professionals).&#xD;THE EMERGING CONCEPT OF M-LEARNING&#xD;Owing to the exponential growth and development of the Internet in the past few decades and&#xD;the experimental use of the WWW and e-mail in education, e-learning emerged as an&#xD;2&#xD;educational concept during the 1990s and has grown into a globally accepted, even necessary&#xD;mode of delivery in most educational institutions. Web-based learning management systems&#xD;such as WebCT, Blackboard and others are already widely used across the globe.&#xD;Further Internet developments in the past decade brought about a greater need for wireless&#xD;connections and the development thereof. Wireless communication received an enormous&#xD;boost when mobile phones reached the market. By 2000, landline telephones and wired&#xD;computers were beginning to be replaced by wireless technologies. The whole world literally&#xD;went mobile as the the millennium dawned. Besides mobile phones, other wireless and mobile&#xD;computational devices such as laptops, palmtops, PDAs (personal digitial assistants) and tablets&#xD;also rapidly entered the market ?some devices, of course, with more success than others for&#xD;particular markets.&#xD;Recent statistics as provided by Keegan (2003) show that China is the country with the most&#xD;mobile phones at 170 million in mid-2001, closely followed by the USA and Japan. Industry&#xD;analysts, including Nokia and Gartner, anticipated more than 1 billion mobile devices in use by&#xD;2004, with about 65% of them data enabled and about 500 million people using them to access&#xD;the Internet. Currently 1 billion mobile phones are in use throughout the world, compared with&#xD;400 million Internet users. (Keegan 2003:ch 9).&#xD;It is only since the beginning of the new millennium that educational institutions have started to&#xD;experiment with wireless and mobile technologies and that the concept of m-learning has started&#xD;to emerge. In 2003, Desmond Keegan published his work entitled: The future of learning: from&#xD;e-learning to m-learning. In chapter 4 of this book, Keegan presents and analyses no fewer than&#xD;30 m-learning initiatives across the globe in 2001. In these initiatives much has already been&#xD;done about the experimental use of wireless technologies (including wireless Internet&#xD;environments and wireless classrooms) and various mobile devices for teaching and learning.&#xD;Advantages, disadvantages and recommendations to enhance learning in mobile learning&#xD;environments are also provided. In further chapters, Keegan (2003) continues to discuss mlearning&#xD;possibilities ?including the capabilities and limitations of mobile devices. This book&#xD;demonstrates the emergence and growing importance of m-learning.&#xD;In the book, Mobile learning: a handbook for educators and trainers,edited and published by&#xD;Kukulska-Hulme and Traxler (2005), theses two authors provide a dozen detailed case studies&#xD;that report on the experiences of pioneer educators around the world who have experimented&#xD;with mobile technologies in universities and colleges and in commercial training. They explore&#xD;user experience with mobile devices, accessibility, pedagogical and institutional change and&#xD;current technology.&#xD;M-LEARNING VS E-LEARNING&#xD;In the past decade we have become familiar with the term e-learning and now m-learning is&#xD;emerging. What then, is the relationship between m-learning (mobile learning) and e-learning&#xD;(electronic learning)?&#xD;The following comprehensive definition of Urdan and Weggen (2000:8) provides an adequate&#xD;basis for distinguishing between m-learning and e-learning:&#xD;The term e-learning covers a wide set of applications and processes, including computerbased&#xD;learning, Web-based learning, virtual classrooms and digital collaboration. We&#xD;define e-learning as the delivery of content [and interaction] via all electronic media,&#xD;including the Internet, intranets, extranets, satellite broadcast, audio/video tape, interactive&#xD;TV, and CD-ROM. Yet, e-learning is defined more narrowly than distance learning, which&#xD;would include text-based learning and courses conducted via written correspondence.&#xD;M-learning is a subset of e-learning. E-learning is the macro concept that includes online and&#xD;mobile learning environments. The following simple definition of Quin (2001:1) helps to explain&#xD;3&#xD;this: -learning is e-learning through mobile [and handheld] computational devices.?[Author&#xD;addition between square brackets.]&#xD;WHY M-LEARNING IN AFRICA&#xD;One first impressions and perceptions when thinking about the ideal target market for mlearning&#xD;would probably look something like this: A First World learner population whot are&#xD;already highly ICT literate, use the latest handheld device and are either in full-time employment&#xD;or merely prefer studying at their own pace, place and time.&#xD;However, this description does not fit the majority of learners in Africa. Why then m-learning in&#xD;Africa? Well, the answer is quite interesting. Because of the lack of fixed-line infrastructure for&#xD;ICT (cabling for Internet and telecom) in certain areas in Africa, the growth of wireless&#xD;infrastructure is enormous --- even more rapid than in many First World countries.&#xD;East African ( 2002) reported as follows: ? the communications sector in Uganda is growing&#xD;rapidly. Nua Internet Surveys (July 15, 2002) reported that, according to the National&#xD;Information and Communication Technology Policy, the number of mobile phone subscribers in&#xD;Uganda grew from 3,500 in 1996 to a total of 360,000 in 2002.?Wachira (2003:1) reported the following about Kenya:&#xD;When Vodafone UK sent Michael Joseph to Kenya in July 2000 to set up Safaricom, a&#xD;cell-phone service operator jointly owned by Telkom Kenya, he did not expect the&#xD;subscriber base to grow beyond 50,000 connections. Today, both Safaricom and rival&#xD;KenCell Communications (partly owned by Vivendi) have nearly 1.3 million cell-phone&#xD;subscribers. This set-up is deeply rooted in the traditional African communal mode of&#xD;living, which many urban dwellers haven abandoned.&#xD;Shapshak (2002) reported that the adoption rate of mobile technologies in Africa developing&#xD;countries is among the highest rates globally and forecasts estimate almost 100 million mobile&#xD;users in Africa by 2005. Between 1997 and 2001, the number of mobile phone subscribers in&#xD;Africa annually had a triple-digit growth rate. The number of mobile subscribers in Africa rose&#xD;further and increased by over 1 000% between 1998 and 2003 to reach 51,8 million (ITU 2004).&#xD;It is thus obvious that the adoption rate of mobile technologies is exceptional in Africa. Also&#xD;evident is the fact that Africa is actually leap-frogging from an unwired, nonexistent e-learning&#xD;infrastructure to a wireless e-learning infrastructure.&#xD;According to Brown (2004), we can therefore differentiate between two ideal target markets for&#xD;m-learning: learners who are either without infrastructure and access or learners who are&#xD;continually on the move. In other words:&#xD;?First World learners who are the workforce on the move with state-of-the-art mobile devices&#xD;?Third World rural or remote area learners with mobile phones&#xD;SUMMARY OF CURRENT M-LEARNING ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS IN AFRICA&#xD;In some countries there are many projects and in others m-learning is still nonexistent. The&#xD;majority of projects outside of South Africa but still in sub-Saharan Africa, are funded and&#xD;supported by European and US agencies. In Kenya, for example, there are several EU-funded&#xD;projects with onsite support from personnel from various European countries.&#xD;The summary below provides an overview of activities across the African continent.&#xD;Mobile phones and SMSs are used for the following purposes:&#xD;?Administrative learning support:&#xD;o administrative information&#xD;4&#xD;o access to examination and test marks via a mobile service number or m-portal&#xD;o access to financial statements&#xD;o registration data via mobile service number or m-portal&#xD;?Academic learning support:&#xD;o communication and interaction (bulk SMS/IVR)&#xD;o assessment (MCQs/quizzes)&#xD;o feedback on assignments and tasks&#xD;o motivational and instructional messages&#xD;The integration of m-learning with established e-learning environments&#xD;?M-portals and SMS-gateways:&#xD;o SMS-portal integrated with the LMS/LCMS [eg WebCT])&#xD;o mobile tutoring&#xD;o mobile blogging or moblogging (ie blogging [web logging] on mobile devices)&#xD;o m-assessment (e-assessment on mobile devices)&#xD;o collaborative learning and discussion groups&#xD;?Wireless environments:&#xD;o pilot wireless classrooms&#xD;o hot spots and wireless LANs on campus&#xD;The use of PDAs, Smartphones and pocket PCs&#xD;?Classroom ools?for note taking, scheduling, etc&#xD;?Beaming (via Bluetooth) in classrooms to share notes, hand in assignments, etc&#xD;?Assessment: assessing performance and providing automated results and feedback&#xD;?Coursework, scheduling and assignments in wireless environments; language learning&#xD;through SMS&#xD;?JIT (just-in-time) and OTS (on-the-spot) information for field workers and field studies&#xD;?Experiential learning and fieldwork&#xD;?ME-learning (personalised, appreciation for own learning process)&#xD;?Mobile composing (music composition on PDAs)&#xD;?Contextual and locational awareness (eg at museums)&#xD;?Mobile tutoring&#xD;?Moblogging&#xD;?Courseware and multimedia on PDAs, including distribution and streaming&#xD;?Human language technologies (HLT) (speech-to-text; voice recognition)&#xD;?Collaborative activities via multi-user applications&#xD;?Collaborative learning and discussion groups&#xD;EXAMPLES&#xD;To provide more specific examples of some of the m-learning projects and activities in Africa, it&#xD;would be appropriate at this stage, to share the following examples at the University of Pretoria&#xD;in South Africa.&#xD;Examples of projects with PDAs&#xD;At the University of Pretoria, two projects have been launched using personal digital assistants&#xD;(PDAs).&#xD;In the first project, an M-learning project in the Faculty of Health Sciences, PDAs were used in&#xD;the clinical assessment sessions of medical students. Performance was assessed and&#xD;automated results and feedback provided. The project leader is Prof Ina Treadwell of the&#xD;Faculty Skills Laboratory. Project software was funded by HaPerT software in Vienna, Austria.&#xD;Research is being done on the impact of PDA use on assessment quality; the impact of PDA&#xD;5&#xD;use on student performance; and the impact on efficiency and effectiveness (impact on&#xD;administrative load, time, paper work, human errors, calculation errors, record keeping,&#xD;duplication, costs, etc). Since the project is still in progress, no official results are as yet&#xD;available. However, the feedback received thus far is extremely positive regarding efficiency,&#xD;effectiveness and cost savings.&#xD;In the second project, an M-learning project in the Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and&#xD;Information Technology, students in a fourth-year course have been issued with PDAs to use in&#xD;a pilot wireless e-learning environment. PDAs are used for queries, content delivery, interactive&#xD;distributed simulations, notices, database access, collaboration, etc. The project leader is Prof&#xD;Etienne Barnard of the Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering in the&#xD;University Faculty of Engineering, Building Sciences and Information Technology. HP is&#xD;funding the project.&#xD;In this project, research is being done on human language technologies (HLT) (specifically in the&#xD;fields of speech recognition and speech-to-text, and voice user interfaces); the ability to&#xD;stimulate collaboration with PDAs; mobile sharing of software and resources; multi-user&#xD;applications and resources (multiplayer games are popular); and wireless VoIP (Voice over&#xD;Internet Protocol). Since the project is still in progress, no official results are as yet available.&#xD;Examples of the use of bulk SMSs for administrative support&#xD;The University of Pretoria started using mobile phone support during 2002 in three paper-based&#xD;distance education programmes because more than 99% of the 1 725 students (2002) had&#xD;mobile phones. This is still the case. Currently nearly 98% of the 9 780 students (2005) have&#xD;mobile phones.&#xD;The profile of these students in 2002 was as follows:&#xD;?The majority live in rural areas&#xD;?100% are full-time employees (teaching).&#xD;?77,4% are English second-language speakers.&#xD;?83,8% are between the age of 31 and 50.&#xD;?66,4% are women.&#xD;?0,4% have access to e-mail.&#xD;?99,4% have a mobile phone.&#xD;The majority of these learners live in remote rural areas with little or no fixed-line telecom&#xD;infrastructure.&#xD;Many of the staff at the University were, understandably, sceptical about the idea of using mobile&#xD;technology to support rural distance learners. Some of the arguments put forward by the&#xD;sceptics were:&#xD;?hese students are not ICT literate.??he telecom infrastructure in rural areas is almost non-existent. The students don have&#xD;access to the Internet ?not even to basic e-mail.??he nearest post office is 60-100km away. Now you want to use igh tech?to support&#xD;these rural students??However, a bold step forward was taken and the unreachable were reached with m-learning&#xD;support.&#xD;Mobile phone support to these rural distance learning students entails sending bulk, preplanned&#xD;SMSs to&#xD;?all students&#xD;?students of a specific programme for general administrative support as well as motivational&#xD;support&#xD;6&#xD;?specific groups of students extracted from the database for specific administrative support&#xD;(customised group SMSs)&#xD;?small group or individual SMSs to specific students extracted from the database on an&#xD;individual basis for specific administrative support&#xD;Examples of SMSs sent for administrative support are provided in table A.&#xD;SMS message Purpose Result&#xD;Dear Student. Your study material was&#xD;posted to you today. Enquire in time,&#xD;quote your tracking number:&#xD;PE123456789ZA, at your post office.&#xD;UP&#xD;?Since students do not visit their&#xD;rural post offices that often,&#xD;many packages are returned If&#xD;students know that a package&#xD;has been dispatched, they make&#xD;an effort to fetch it on time&#xD;?A significant drop in&#xD;returned packages&#xD;and accompanying&#xD;costs&#xD;If you have not submitted Assignment&#xD;2, due to late dispatch of study&#xD;material, you may submit before 19&#xD;Sept. Do this urgently to help you&#xD;pass your exam. UP&#xD;?Extension of assignment&#xD;submission date owing a late&#xD;dispatch of study material&#xD;?Encouragement to complete the&#xD;assignment&#xD;?Normal assignment&#xD;submission statistics&#xD;ACE Edu Management contact&#xD;session block 1 from 7-9 July for&#xD;modules EDM 401 EDO 401 ONLY,&#xD;changed to Town Hall Main Street&#xD;KOKSTAD. New letter posted. UP&#xD;?Urgent notification of a change of&#xD;venue for a specific contact&#xD;session&#xD;?All the students&#xD;arrived at the correct&#xD;venue (as far as we&#xD;know)&#xD;Dear Student. We have not received&#xD;your registration for the Oct exam.&#xD;Please fax registration form or letter&#xD;not later than Thursday 31 July. UP&#xD;?Encouragement for exam&#xD;registration&#xD;?Notification of the deadline for&#xD;exam registration&#xD;?Increase in the&#xD;number of exam&#xD;registrations&#xD;compared with&#xD;previous exams&#xD;April exam proved that students&#xD;attending contact sessions are more&#xD;successful. Please attend July contact&#xD;session. Register per fax before or on&#xD;Friday 6 July. UP&#xD;?Encouragement for contact&#xD;session registration&#xD;?Notification of the deadline for&#xD;contact session registration&#xD;?58% of the learners&#xD;registered before the&#xD;closing date&#xD;compared with the&#xD;normal rate of below&#xD;40%&#xD;Table A: Examples of administrative support through bulk SMSs&#xD;The advantages and successes have already been significant.&#xD;?In response to a reminder for registration for contact sessions, 58% of the learners registered&#xD;before the closing date compared with the normal expected percentage of below 40%.&#xD;?In response to a reminder of the contact session dates, 95% of the learners who had&#xD;registered for the contact sessions, attended.&#xD;?Learners respond in mass and almost immediately to information provided in SMS&#xD;messages.&#xD;From a logistical and financial point of view, the successes are also significant.&#xD;?Using print and the postal service to distribute the necessary information to learners would&#xD;have been more than 20 times the cost of the bulk SMSs.&#xD;?While the SMSs provide immediate and JIT (just-in-time) information, the posted information&#xD;would have taken between three and 18 days (depending on the remoteness of the learner)&#xD;to reach all the learners.&#xD;7&#xD;The use of bulk SMSs for academic learning support&#xD;After the successful implementation of bulk SMSs for administrative learning support, the&#xD;University of Pretoria took the project to a higher level and started to do the unthinkable:&#xD;academic learning support on mobile phones for rural distance learners.&#xD;The University of Pretoria started using SMSs for academic learning support in November 2004&#xD;in a module of one of the three paper-based distance education programmes in the Faculty of&#xD;Education, namely ACE: Special Needs Education: Module LPO402. The leaders of this&#xD;exciting m-learning project are Mr Carl du Preez (Department of Educational Psychology) and&#xD;Mrs Jeanne-Marie Viljoen (Unit for Distance Education).&#xD;The pilot project comprises four categories of asynchronous academic interventions during the&#xD;six-month cycle of this module from October 2004 to April 2005. The four categories are:&#xD;?academic instructional messages (regular bulk SMSs messages)&#xD;?IVR (interactive voice response) system for